Heru Sutadi, Anggota Badan Regulasi Telekomunikasi Indonesia (BRTI), mengatakan bahwa parpol peserta Pemilu 2009 sudah diperbolehkan melakukan kampanye via SMS. Ada lima syarat yang harus dipenuhi jika hendak berkampanye lewat SMS
Apa saja syarat-syarat itu? ini dia…
1. Kampanye harus mengikuti tata aturan kampanye sesuai Undang-Undang No. 10/2008 tentang Pemilu.
2. Operator wajib menjaga kerahasiaan data pengguna ponsel sehingga baik parpol, capres,cawapres dan calon anggota DPD tidak boleh melakukan push sms ke semua pelanggan. Melainkan hanya ke konstituen atau simpatisan yang terdaftar.
3. Operator harus adil memberikan kesempatan yang sama kepada seluruh parpol dan calonnya
4. Kerjasama dengan parpol atau capres/cawapres dan calon anggota DPD harus dilakukan dengan pelaksana kampanye yang terdaftar di KPU.
5. Untuk menjaga kualitas layanan, frekuensi pengiriman akan dibatasi
*) dikutip dari Detikinet.
Selasa, Agustus 26, 2008
Jumat, Agustus 22, 2008
How to Avoid Hypothermia
The human body is somewhat like that perfect bowl of porridge in "Goldilocks and the Three Bears." It's not too hot, not too cold, but just right.
Our bodies maintain internal body temperatures that allow our insides to keep on cooking without burning up or slowing down -- usually around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees Celsius). There's even a part of our brain called the hypothalamus that regulates this internal heat to keep everything running smoothly
But when that core temperature of major organs drops down to 95 degrees or lower, it is called hypothermia. Just like when you have a high fever, hypothermia can slow your body and possibly lead to death.
When it comes to our bodies, a lot depends on heat. Heat is the byproduct of biochemical reactions within our bodies. The food and beverages we consume are just like the wood and kindling that make a fire. Our bodies gain energy from food, and that energy pumps our hearts, grows our hair and helps our digestive system break that food down into usable units. This process is called metabolism.
Think about all of the internal processes that take place when you run. It requires energy to move so many parts of your body at the same time. When all those parts crank up, we burn up energy, producing heat.
In the cold, our bodies strive to retain as much heat, or energy, as possible. In many parts of the body, blood vessels in our skin tissue constrict, or tighten up. This tightening helps keeps blood away from the cold outer layer of the body and helps circulate warmer blood to our core areas. This tightening is also why you may feel stiff after being in the cold for a long time.
However, areas with large blood vessels, particularly around the head, neck, chest and groin, are more susceptible to heat loss because those blood vessels don't constrict as effectively as the smaller ones near the skin. That's why proper winter attire includes a hat, scarf and coat.With all of these internal actions and reactions taking place within the body, what can we do to protect our core temperature and defend ourselves from hypothermia?
How to Avoid Death from Hypothermia
Nearly 700 people in the United States die each year from hypothermia [source: Mayo Clinic]. Hypothermia is a silent killer because once your body temperature drops below 95 degrees, you lose awareness of the cold and become disoriented because less oxygen reaches the brain. For that reason, take special precautions if you're alone in the cold. You may not be aware that your body is in peril.
Hypothermia Risk GroupsInfants and the elderly are the most at risk for developing hypothermia. Babies do not preserve body heat as well as adults, and the elderly may not have a high enough metabolism to stay warm. For both, it is important that their bedrooms not be too cold and that they are regularly monitored during the winter.
Groups of people should look after each other for the signs of hypothermia discussed in the previous section. If someone does appear hypothermic, there are a number of things that you can do to prevent that person from dying. In mild to moderate cases, the body can re-warm at a rate of 3.6 degrees per hour.
To start that warming process, first move into shelter. If there is nowhere to go indoors, at least move the person out of the wind, since wind can speed up hypothermia. Remove any wet clothing and replace them with dry blankets or even newspaper.
Getty ImagesNavy Seals huddle for warmth during training. Removing clothes and sharing body heat can keep people warm.
For people with mild or moderate hypothermia, some food and beverages may be helpful. Warm, sweet liquids, such as diluted gelatin mix or hot chocolate will give the body quick energy boosts to help it produce heat. Proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the form of trail mix and granola can also stimulate the metabolism. Do not give them alcohol or caffeine.
In more severe cases, getting a person out of any wet clothes and into a hypothermic wrap is essential. There should be several layers of insulation between the wrap and the cold ground. A hypothermic wrap covers every part of the body with as few open spaces as possible. A sleeping bag or multiple blankets can serve as hypothermic wraps, as long as the person is completely protected from the cold.
Additionally, extra clothing or blankets should be applied to the neck, groin, armpits and chest to protect major arteries. Sharing body heat by removing your clothes and getting into the wrap with the person may also prove beneficial, except in very severe cases. Also, do not apply heat directly to the skin or give the person a massage because it can circulate the colder blood near the skin to the core, shocking the body.
Johner/Getty ImagesHypothermic wraps cover people's bodies entirely while being insulated from cold ground.
CPR is another option if a hypothermic person's skin has turned blue, and you can't feel a pulse. But only do this if you are properly trained. If you stimulate the body too much with CPR, it can overexcite the heart and lead to cardiac arrest.
If possible, call 911 to get someone with severe hypothermia to a hospital. A doctor may hook up a person with hypothermia to an IV to put warming fluids directly into the body. He or she may also perform a procedure called hemodialysis, which takes the patient's blood out of the body, runs it through a warming mechanism, and returns it.
Our bodies maintain internal body temperatures that allow our insides to keep on cooking without burning up or slowing down -- usually around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees Celsius). There's even a part of our brain called the hypothalamus that regulates this internal heat to keep everything running smoothly
But when that core temperature of major organs drops down to 95 degrees or lower, it is called hypothermia. Just like when you have a high fever, hypothermia can slow your body and possibly lead to death.
When it comes to our bodies, a lot depends on heat. Heat is the byproduct of biochemical reactions within our bodies. The food and beverages we consume are just like the wood and kindling that make a fire. Our bodies gain energy from food, and that energy pumps our hearts, grows our hair and helps our digestive system break that food down into usable units. This process is called metabolism.
Think about all of the internal processes that take place when you run. It requires energy to move so many parts of your body at the same time. When all those parts crank up, we burn up energy, producing heat.
In the cold, our bodies strive to retain as much heat, or energy, as possible. In many parts of the body, blood vessels in our skin tissue constrict, or tighten up. This tightening helps keeps blood away from the cold outer layer of the body and helps circulate warmer blood to our core areas. This tightening is also why you may feel stiff after being in the cold for a long time.
However, areas with large blood vessels, particularly around the head, neck, chest and groin, are more susceptible to heat loss because those blood vessels don't constrict as effectively as the smaller ones near the skin. That's why proper winter attire includes a hat, scarf and coat.With all of these internal actions and reactions taking place within the body, what can we do to protect our core temperature and defend ourselves from hypothermia?
How to Avoid Death from Hypothermia
Nearly 700 people in the United States die each year from hypothermia [source: Mayo Clinic]. Hypothermia is a silent killer because once your body temperature drops below 95 degrees, you lose awareness of the cold and become disoriented because less oxygen reaches the brain. For that reason, take special precautions if you're alone in the cold. You may not be aware that your body is in peril.
Hypothermia Risk GroupsInfants and the elderly are the most at risk for developing hypothermia. Babies do not preserve body heat as well as adults, and the elderly may not have a high enough metabolism to stay warm. For both, it is important that their bedrooms not be too cold and that they are regularly monitored during the winter.
Groups of people should look after each other for the signs of hypothermia discussed in the previous section. If someone does appear hypothermic, there are a number of things that you can do to prevent that person from dying. In mild to moderate cases, the body can re-warm at a rate of 3.6 degrees per hour.
To start that warming process, first move into shelter. If there is nowhere to go indoors, at least move the person out of the wind, since wind can speed up hypothermia. Remove any wet clothing and replace them with dry blankets or even newspaper.
Getty ImagesNavy Seals huddle for warmth during training. Removing clothes and sharing body heat can keep people warm.
For people with mild or moderate hypothermia, some food and beverages may be helpful. Warm, sweet liquids, such as diluted gelatin mix or hot chocolate will give the body quick energy boosts to help it produce heat. Proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the form of trail mix and granola can also stimulate the metabolism. Do not give them alcohol or caffeine.
In more severe cases, getting a person out of any wet clothes and into a hypothermic wrap is essential. There should be several layers of insulation between the wrap and the cold ground. A hypothermic wrap covers every part of the body with as few open spaces as possible. A sleeping bag or multiple blankets can serve as hypothermic wraps, as long as the person is completely protected from the cold.
Additionally, extra clothing or blankets should be applied to the neck, groin, armpits and chest to protect major arteries. Sharing body heat by removing your clothes and getting into the wrap with the person may also prove beneficial, except in very severe cases. Also, do not apply heat directly to the skin or give the person a massage because it can circulate the colder blood near the skin to the core, shocking the body.
Johner/Getty ImagesHypothermic wraps cover people's bodies entirely while being insulated from cold ground.
CPR is another option if a hypothermic person's skin has turned blue, and you can't feel a pulse. But only do this if you are properly trained. If you stimulate the body too much with CPR, it can overexcite the heart and lead to cardiac arrest.
If possible, call 911 to get someone with severe hypothermia to a hospital. A doctor may hook up a person with hypothermia to an IV to put warming fluids directly into the body. He or she may also perform a procedure called hemodialysis, which takes the patient's blood out of the body, runs it through a warming mechanism, and returns it.
Kamis, Agustus 21, 2008
Tips for Avoiding Shark Attacks
Don't let your summer dreams get ripped at the seams. At the beach, follow these tips for avoiding shark attacks.
Don't swim alone.
Don't swim before dawn or after dusk during prime shark feeding times.
Don't wear anything shiny or metallic that could attract sharks.
Don't splash excessively.
Don't bring your pets into the water with you.
Stay away from drop-off areas where sharks may congregate.
If you're bleeding anywhere, get out of the water.
If you see a shark, don't provoke it.
Don't swim near active fishing docks.
Don't wear high-contrast clothing.
Don't swim alone.
Don't swim before dawn or after dusk during prime shark feeding times.
Don't wear anything shiny or metallic that could attract sharks.
Don't splash excessively.
Don't bring your pets into the water with you.
Stay away from drop-off areas where sharks may congregate.
If you're bleeding anywhere, get out of the water.
If you see a shark, don't provoke it.
Don't swim near active fishing docks.
Don't wear high-contrast clothing.
Can playing dead help save me from a shark attack?
Let's say you're camping in the woods and wake up to find a bear at your campsite. Unless the bear acts aggressively, dropping to your knees and playing dead can cause it to lose interest in you and amble on.
What if a similar situation happened in the ocean? While doggy paddling around, you spy a shark nearby. Do you go limp and hope for the best? To answer that question, let's examine how sharks approach and attack humans.
Unlike popular beliefs about sharks as vicious man-eaters, the infamous fish usually make contact with humans out of curiosity rather than predation [source: Parker]. For instance, if you're thrashing around in the water or have reflective clothing or jewelry on, a shark may mistake you for a fellow fish or seal. Fueled by this inquisitiveness, sharks often perform hit-and-runs, which means they take a bite -- rarely lethal -- and swim away [source: Florida Museum of Natural History]. This happens particularly in shallower depths.
The real danger comes with sneak attacks and bump-and-bites. You won't have any warning signs for a shark sneak attack, hence the name [source: Florida Museum of Natural History]. With bump-and-bites, which often occur in deeper waters, sharks circle and run into you before going in for a bite.
When you notice a shark heading your way, it's in your best interest not to play dead. Instead, get those arms and legs pumping and try to swim away as quickly and quietly as you can before it takes a nibble.
If you're alone in the water, playing dead isn't going to help because sharks prefer to go for more defenseless prey to conserve energy. If one bites, it's time to fight. Hit a shark in the nose, eyes and gills to stun it and scare it away. Since blood will attract more sharks, find dry land as a fast as possible to reduce the chance of repeat attacks.
In one specific survival situation, playing dead is your only viable option.
On July 30, 1945, during World War II, the U.S.S. Indianapolis sank in the Philippine Sea near Guam. Nearly 900 sailors were left stranded in the water for four days without help. Soon after the sinking, sharks began to attack many of the men. When rescue arrived, only 316 people remained alive, although it isn't clear how many of those victims died from shark attacks.
In rare situations like this one, playing dead could work to your advantage. If sharks are in a feeding frenzy around you, they may ignore your fresh meat and continue biting at others. It may sound inhuman not to try to fight off a swarm of sharks attacking dozens of people around you in the water, but it may be your only hope for survival.
Sharks have a unique sense called electroreception. In rescue scenarios, sharks will continue to go after a wounded person rather than the fresh meat of the rescuer because it is physiologically attracted to blood. Electroreception allows sharks to detect minute changes in the electricity conducted through salt water. Adding blood to salt water alters the surrounding electricity, setting off the sharks' electroreception, which draws it back to the wounded victim.
Thrashing around in the water is also known to attract sharks. If you float calmly while surrounded by flailing, splashing people, sharks may ignore you and go for the more obvious targets. In addition, stay alert to the warning signs of an impending chomp. A hunched back, lowered pectoral fins and zigzagging motion are red flags that you look like a tasty piece of meat [source: Burgess].
Of course, if you have a chance to escape water, do so as fast as you can. And if a shark bites you, hit it back on its nose, gills or eyes.
What if a similar situation happened in the ocean? While doggy paddling around, you spy a shark nearby. Do you go limp and hope for the best? To answer that question, let's examine how sharks approach and attack humans.
Unlike popular beliefs about sharks as vicious man-eaters, the infamous fish usually make contact with humans out of curiosity rather than predation [source: Parker]. For instance, if you're thrashing around in the water or have reflective clothing or jewelry on, a shark may mistake you for a fellow fish or seal. Fueled by this inquisitiveness, sharks often perform hit-and-runs, which means they take a bite -- rarely lethal -- and swim away [source: Florida Museum of Natural History]. This happens particularly in shallower depths.
The real danger comes with sneak attacks and bump-and-bites. You won't have any warning signs for a shark sneak attack, hence the name [source: Florida Museum of Natural History]. With bump-and-bites, which often occur in deeper waters, sharks circle and run into you before going in for a bite.
When you notice a shark heading your way, it's in your best interest not to play dead. Instead, get those arms and legs pumping and try to swim away as quickly and quietly as you can before it takes a nibble.
If you're alone in the water, playing dead isn't going to help because sharks prefer to go for more defenseless prey to conserve energy. If one bites, it's time to fight. Hit a shark in the nose, eyes and gills to stun it and scare it away. Since blood will attract more sharks, find dry land as a fast as possible to reduce the chance of repeat attacks.
In one specific survival situation, playing dead is your only viable option.
On July 30, 1945, during World War II, the U.S.S. Indianapolis sank in the Philippine Sea near Guam. Nearly 900 sailors were left stranded in the water for four days without help. Soon after the sinking, sharks began to attack many of the men. When rescue arrived, only 316 people remained alive, although it isn't clear how many of those victims died from shark attacks.
In rare situations like this one, playing dead could work to your advantage. If sharks are in a feeding frenzy around you, they may ignore your fresh meat and continue biting at others. It may sound inhuman not to try to fight off a swarm of sharks attacking dozens of people around you in the water, but it may be your only hope for survival.
Sharks have a unique sense called electroreception. In rescue scenarios, sharks will continue to go after a wounded person rather than the fresh meat of the rescuer because it is physiologically attracted to blood. Electroreception allows sharks to detect minute changes in the electricity conducted through salt water. Adding blood to salt water alters the surrounding electricity, setting off the sharks' electroreception, which draws it back to the wounded victim.
Thrashing around in the water is also known to attract sharks. If you float calmly while surrounded by flailing, splashing people, sharks may ignore you and go for the more obvious targets. In addition, stay alert to the warning signs of an impending chomp. A hunched back, lowered pectoral fins and zigzagging motion are red flags that you look like a tasty piece of meat [source: Burgess].
Of course, if you have a chance to escape water, do so as fast as you can. And if a shark bites you, hit it back on its nose, gills or eyes.
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